intelligence gathering pdf
The GCHQ web-site for example emphasizes the values set by Director Jeremy Fleming od Integrity, Ingenuity, Impact and Teamwork, working lawfully, ethically and impartially, https://www.gchq.gov.uk/section/culture/our-values (accessed April 2, 2020. PDF, 729KB, 19 pages. 9. Nevertheless, the record in disrupting terrorism in the U.K. is impressive (for example, fifteen plots in the eighteenmonths from mid-2019). Those policy dilemmas are the subject of other chapters in this volume. 1 (January/February 8, 2002). Richard Reid, the shoebomber; Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab; the printer cartridge bomber, Anwar Al-Awlaki. This section draws on Omand and Phythian, 7983. In such circumstances the intelligence agency, and thus the state, risks becoming a party to collusion in serious criminality. It collects its own intelligence in connection with its mandate to fight particular crimes. Moral philosophers categorize the possible ways of answering that question drawing on three traditions: the consequentialist; the deontological; and the aretaic.21. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. Intelligence gathering is an essential task for a nation to preserve life and property. These risks apply in all human intelligence work but especially with terrorist organizations where casual and extreme violence may be the norm. Private sector information includes airline bookings (and advanced passenger information shared between nations), credit card and financial data, on-line purchases and internet connection records and mobile telephone usage data. The agent may come under suspicion and be expected to prove loyalty and reliability to the terrorist leadership, for example, by asked to execute suspected informers or prisoners. The British approach provides a legal licence to operate for intrusive digital intelligence methods in return for enhanced ethical safeguards and oversight, under a 3R ethical policy48: Rule of law: Up to date law to regulate intrusive intelligence gathering, providing transparency for the citizen as to the effect of the law, and with legal sanctions for misuse. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373, adopted unanimously on 28 September 2001. condemnation of 9/11. reNgine is an automated reconnaissance framework used for OSINT gathering that streamlines the recon process. Following the Audit Commission's review of crime management 'Helping with Enquiries Tackling Crime Effectively', the Association of Chief Police Officers and Her For all . 4. The unease which the police feel about the drive towards intelligence-led policing is set out in a report on Merseyside Police (Barton & Evans, 2001). The model has been found to be an objective decision-making framework that facilitates crime reduction, disruption, and prevention. The assessment and investigation process helps us. (PDF) The Who, What, and Why of Human Intelligence Gathering: Self-Reported Measures of Interrogation Methods The Who, What, and Why of Human Intelligence Gathering: Self-Reported Measures of. (London: Routledge, 2006), ch. This paper documents sharing cybercrime, cybersecurity, and cyber threat intelligence information in the financial sector by providing an overview of core principles . Intelligence-gathering tools, techniques, and procedures have long existed and been used for offensive and defensive military and government operations [14]. Discretion, dis-persal, and drift make it difficult to identify these boundaries. to keep track of internal and intellectual prowess . Reference has already been made to the balancing acts which are needed to establish a way of reconciling conflicting principles. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. There is a tension nevertheless between the outreach by welfare, health and educational services at a local level to help safeguard young people from being influenced by violent ideologies and the continuing national need to obtain intelligence through intensive surveillance on those activists currently engaged in radicalizing young people. The utilitarian philosopher John Stuart Mill put a valuable restriction on this linkage between means and ends in warning that The only purpose for which power can rightfully be exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.22 In a modern functioning democracy there should be some legal restriction on the purposes for which the nations security and intelligence apparatus can be deployed. Importing the Decalogue with the Christian commandments thou shalt not steal and thou shalt not bear false witness are hardly appropriate since secret intelligence work involves stealing secrets and deceiving the adversary. That is a values-based test. By analogy, when a new digital intelligence gathering method is introduced there needs to be confidence that there will be the human and technical ability to assess and manage the risk of collateral harm, including the level of privacy intrusion into the lives of those not intended to be the target of intelligence gathering. 2.2. By analogy, right in the secret intelligence context means both that the go-ahead is given by someone who has the authority to give it under rights-compliant law and that the decision is taken at a senior enough level appropriate to the ethical risks that may be run (the activity is then not arbitrary in the words of the UN Human Rights Declaration). The use of intelligence in deriving the strategic aim of the integrated U.K. counter-terrorism strategy, CONTEST, and supporting its delivery is examined. Finding a cover prior to gathering the information. Having a reliable internal moral compass is a pre-requisite for principled intelligence. Prevent involves reducing the likelihood of future attacks by reducing the flow of terrorist recruits, through tackling the process of radicalization into violent extremism and by persuading those involved to disengage from violence (although not necessarily from their political beliefs).15 That requires acquiring a deep intelligence understanding of the terrorists themselves and their religious beliefs and ideologies.16 Information volunteered from within the community, including those from which terrorists come, or in which they try to hide, has proved essential in identifying the young people most at risk of radicalizing influences whether in person or online. Inevitably this leads to individuals being treated and where necessary manipulated as means to the end of acquiring the information. Study the area where information-gathering takes place carefully: Open and closed streets, residents' customs, ways of dressing, and accent. intelligence gathering, how it has been justified by the 'ticking-bomb' scenario and why those justifications set dangerous precedents that undermine liberal values. intelligence communities around the world into a strange new world of multi-dimensional intelligence. Further, review all security measures concerning members of the The moral tone set by senior management matters.43 Intelligence analysts too have to make ethical decisions, for example, judging the level of confidence in their analysis that would justify reporting information (such as geolocation) about an investigation when they know or suspect that might lead to consequences for the individual. THE ISSUE. Applying this principle rules out mass surveillance or keeping the communications of a large group of citizens under observation in the blind hope that something may turn up to justify the operation. 16. PDF Intelligence without ambition is a bird without wings" S '1 *- D '$ " Having clear aims and end goals in mind will help keep you on track and also help others understand what you're trying to achieve. The unit also provides security for dignitaries and investigates threats against Portland officials and those involving workplace violence. Real-world Market Intelligence Examples. Data collection, analysis, dissemination and utilization are key . It will self-evidently help if there is running through the CT strategy a set of shared ethical premises. In other words, if it is personal desires or uncontrolled emotions that cause the officer to act in a particular way, then that action cannot give them moral worth. 13. 5. intelligence, in government and military operations, evaluated information concerning the strength, activities, and probable courses of action of foreign countries or nonstate actors that are usually, though not always, enemies or opponents. 17. 47. hbbd``b`@i`b2= & H8|a`bd)@
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As Kant advised: A person may cause evil to others not only by his actions but by his inaction, and in either case he is justly accountable to them for the injury.39, Right authority for intelligence activity. By motivation is meant what caused the officer to do the action (i.e., their reason for doing it). The online threatscape in 2023 is characterized by an unprecedented variety of actors, types of operation, and threat response teams. dmolof@americanprogress.org. Necessity is the final Just War-derived concept that can be used to judge the ethical adequacy of an operation. Threat actors range from intelligence agencies and troll farms to child-abuse networks. A memoir drawn from four decades of experience in the U.S. Army explores the strengths and limitations of America's irregular warfare capability. Examples of types of human intelligence activity liable to give rise to significant ethical issues include: The recruitment of sources can involve explicit or implicit coercion. And different sources of data can then be collated and compared and mined. It is generally a good plan to take it easy with social media at this point in the intelligence gathering process. When terrorists themselves are prepared to sacrifice themselves in the course of their attacks, it becomes ever more important to have the intelligence to forestall attacks, not just be able to bring to justice accomplices after the fact.10 Sadly, intelligence warning was not sufficiently available to prevent the attacks by the 19 members of the Al Qaeda gang that died after hijacking airliners to use as flying bombs against New York and Washington on 9/11 that killed 2977 civilians and rescue workers, by the four suicide bombers who died in conducting their planned series of attacks on the London transport system on 7 July 2005 killing fifty-two passengers, and by the terrorist who blew himself up at an Ariane Grande concert in Manchester killing twenty-twoyoung concert-goers and parents. About this book The skills and tools for collecting, verifying and correlating information from different types of systems is an essential skill when tracking down hackers. Intelligence officers are natural consequentialists. The vast majority of collection materials are public domain meaning they are available Fawaz A. Gerges, The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), ch. Raising the game for clean sport | World Anti-Doping Agency Arrested by a senior British police officer, he stood trial for murder with the Colonel heading the intelligence unit having to give evidence in his favour. The traditional practice of intelligence, and its fundamental . The company's situation undoubtedly will change based on those actions. All content (excluding logos and photographs) is available under the Non-Commercial College Licence except where otherwise stated. Lord (Jonathan) Evans, former Director General of MI5, risk can be managed and reduced but it cannot realistically be abolished, https://www.mi5.gov.uk/international-terrorism (accessed April 2, 2020). WHY INTELLIGENCE GATHERING MATTERS Intelligence gathering can help local stakeholders and partners to understand the following: Abuses range from hacking to scams, election interference to harassment. This is the process of collecting information and data on a local area's health needs and designing an effective L&D service in order to address the population's needs and demands. For more information please visit our Permissions help page. 20. That holds internationally, and it is worth citing here the strong international condemnation of Al Qaeda by the UN Security Council and the demand that relevant intelligence be shared.34 Jus in intelligentio issues, on the other hand, will always be troubling over how far states should go in their conduct of individual counterterrorism operations and the supporting intelligence activity. He was renowned for his ability to command military campaigns whose success owed a lot to his effective information-gathering and intelligence-led decision-making. . Government examples include criminal records, passports and social security records, driving and vehicle licenses, voting and information gathered at the border. [1] The circuit is completed when decision makers provide feedback and revised requirements. We can ask what might be an appropriate moral code applicable to the intelligence profession of a liberal democracy, given that inevitably (by definition of secret intelligence) officers have to engage in ethically risky behaviour that we would not regard as acceptable in everyday life, such as eavesdropping and bribing others to betray secrets. Human intelligence (HUMINT) are gathered from a person in the location in question. In relating to intelligence gathering, he opined that information The Nigerian security agencies in conjunction with that meets the stated, understood needs of National Intelligence Agency (NIA), the arm saddled policymakers collected, refined and narrowed the with international security, are touted to have lost their accomplished goal; i.e. In the only recorded U.K. instance of such conduct, a GCHQ employee who deliberately undertook a number of unauthorised searches on an individual was sacked on the spot.36 In line with this principle, the analysis, assessment and presentation of intelligence-based judgments to decision-makers must be scrupulously neutral, for example in the decisions to declare states of counterterrorism alert and to impose travel restrictions based on intelligence.37 Public confidence in government in periods of terrorism depends upon upholding this principle. 4. The Investigatory Powers Act 2016 created a powerful Commissioner (a very senior judge), a new system of warrants for access to bulk data and an independent body to authorize law enforcement access to communications data and internet data connection records (the who called whom, when, where and how), essential evidence for criminal trials and for locating missing children. How MI5 Gather Intelligence Collecting intelligence to build up a detailed knowledge of threats to the country is at the heart of MI5's work. For example, collection, retention, processing and analysis of meta data gives the means to identify the patterns of communication of suspects and the existence of criminal networks. The stages of the intelligence cycle include the issuance of requirements by decision makers, collection, processing, analysis, and publication (i.e., dissemination) of intelligence. intelligence, security enforcement and protective security. See the essay on Kants use of the categorical imperative in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/accessed March 27, 2020. Often called value ethics, this tradition emphasizes the moral excellence that comes from exercise of the classic virtues of good character such as courage and justice toward others. A 2020 Google search of No More Pearl Harbors produced 4,680,000 results. A liberal democracy can nevertheless use intelligence to support an integrated counter-terrorism strategy by managing those ethical risks within the rule of law, and by using independent Parliamentary and judicial oversight to give confidence to the public that whilst their security is being maintained, their civil rights are being adequately protected.2. 8. It is not permitted to carry any weapons during the information-gathering process. Court of Justice of the European Union, Press Release no. The outcome of centuries of debate on these issues has resulted in ethical principles that can be used to unpack individual cases to help determine whether a war is just, jus ad bellum, and whether conduct within it is proper, jus in bello. 145/16 of December 21 2016, http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2016-12/cp16014en.pdf. Agents close to a terrorist group will be in especial personal danger and the management of agents and their families arising from their risky position is likely to require difficult ethical judgments, as the case of Agent Storm operating within Al Qaeda demonstrated.44 Such cases make it important that case officers are carefully supervised by experienced officers outside their line management. This community includes all the institutions of the state (of which intelligence services are but one component) that collect, analyze, and distribute information to protect and promote national economic security, whether it be information on a new market for telephone. In addition, the Criminal Intelligence Service . This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. The U.K. strategic aim of CONTEST was adopted by the British Cabinet early in 2003 as to reduce the risk from terrorism so that people can go about their normal business, freely and with confidence. The strategy was therefore based on the aim of preserving the normality of everyday life by reducing the risk, not trying to eliminate it, yet depriving the terrorists of what they most seek, to put people in fear.11 Elimination of all forms of terrorism, given the varieties of different tactical uses of such violence, was, and is, not a realistic goal since there will always be somewhere in the world groups that will resort to violence to try to advance their case.12 Efforts to eliminate threats can also often prove counter-productive, storing up trouble for the future. Some agencies do indeed carry out covert action, which confuses the ethical issues, but this a separable and subsidiary function" (Herman, 2004, p. 180). To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. They need intelligence on the identities and associates, locations, movements, financing and intentions of the terrorists. GEOINT is the type of information-gathering discipline that evaluates geospatial information related to activities happening on the earth. Here the Just War derived ethical concepts can be used to unpack the ethical issues that arise in counter-terrorist activity35: Right intention and integrity of motive on the part of those initiating, authorising and conducting operations. Home Office, Security and Intelligence Agencies Retention and Use of Bulk Personal Databases, Code of Practice, 2016, para. 4 pages tagged with Intelligence gathering. Terrorist violence can sometimes be calibrated and goal specific. Effective and modern intelligence presupposes that, like the U.K., national services are given this possibility in law. 6. See Consolidated Guidance to Intelligence Officers and Service Personnel, July 2010, updated 2011, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/62632/Consolidated_Guidance_November_2011 (accessed April 2, 2020). We should not therefore talk of having to balance human rights against security, but of achieving a balance within the basket of human rights to recognize our right to life and to be able to live under the rule of law, as well as upholding our right to privacy. Collateral intrusion has always been an issue with interception of fixed line telephones that capture the communications of all users in a home not just the targeted suspect. Direct blackmail through entrapping the individual in criminal or socially disapproved of behaviour, such as by setting honey traps, is avoided on professional grounds by most Western services since the information obtained by a blackmailed agent cannot be trusted, and the agent will try to get their own back by withholding or distorting material. hVYo8+%"^"8FNfl2J4kc!3. ReNgine. In particular, three key interlinked intelligence failures have occurred at differ-ent levels. In many cases these nations had adopted different ethical stances over intelligence gathering from that of the U.K., discussed later in the chapter.14. hL) B` (]C@
S Such threats in the past have been managed as criminal acts by law enforcement with specialist help, when necessary, from the intelligence and defence capabilities of the state. That applies to intelligence activity, for example establishing that wanted information cannot be obtained more easily from open sources, or indeed already exists somewhere in the intelligence community. David Omand, Ethical Guidelines in Using Secret Intelligence, Cambridge Review of International Affairs 19, no. Ethical risks also arise from the privacy intrusions of intelligence access operations, in particular those that access personal data in bulk, from example from fibreoptic cables, satellites or microwave links and from databases of personal data relating to individuals. "Intelligence is information and information gathering, not doing things to people; no-one gets hurt by it, at least not directly. The chapter concludes by applying these ideas to the techniques currently in use for counter-terrorism, especially the role of digital intelligence gathering today in helping uncover terrorist networks and frustrate attacks. A much more integrated counter-terrorist effort is then needed, involving an all-of-nation effort, under the unifying banner of a national counter-terrorism strategy. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Within what ethical boundaries would the public want to see intelligence activity confined? Try searching. The most detailed description of how this operates can be found in the Academy of Sciences report, Bulk Collection of Signals Intelligence. Business Intelligence by S. Negash BI systems combine data gathering, data storage, and knowledge management with analytical tools to present complex internal and competitive information to planners and decision makers. Intensive surveillance led to them being identified and arrested. Any terrorist attack is individually highly distressing to those involved. The Police Bureau group responsible for intelligence-gathering is called the Criminal Intelligence Unit. Permission will be required if your reuse is not covered by the terms of the License. These new realities require increased collaboration in information gathering and intelligence sharing. U.K. practice is to keep intelligence gathering activity separate from local counter-radicalization efforts, but a watertight compartmentalization is not always possible when lives may be at stake. An independent Court considers any complaints made by citizens or civil society groups. Such proportionality judgments involve weighing up many kinds of uncertainty, for which the U.K. Courts have been willing to allow a margin of appreciation for the decisions taken by the security and intelligence agencies.38 There is also an element of counter-factual thinking involved in the balancing act when it comes to authorisation of an operation, since not conducting the operation also involves potential ethical risk. Finding your focus is a good starting point before diving in, but keeping your focus is just as . It adds value to every business process, and in particular, empowers marketing teams to make better decisions. 10. That is modern targeted intelligence, not mass surveillance which would be unlawful for any signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights. There needs therefore to be a reasonable belief, on the basis of past experience or specific research, that there can be an expectation of sufficient effectiveness to justify the level of risk being run by the operation. 5. Where there are lapses from these codes there are sanctions. Wrangling what might be dozens or hundreds of social media profiles is a bit much for early reconnaissance. Great care is also needed in resettlement of agents and their families, not to leave them vulnerable to detection and reprisals. 45. The modern steps taken to place intelligence activity under the domestic rule of law, to have independent judicial and Parliamentary oversight, and to brief journalists on the general nature of the work provide the public with translucency but not transparency. 48. Gathering intelligence on financial markets makes a vital contribution to that understanding. Under the Investigatory Powers Act 2016, for example, warrants to allow intelligence access by using digital bulk data must be signed by the Secretary of State and then judicially reviewed and counter-signed by a senior judge acting as a Commissioner.40 Authority to access communications data (considered less inherently sensitive than the content of communications) may under the Act be authorised by a designated independent senior officer working for the judicial Commissioner. Pursue involved greatly expanding intelligence, military intervention and law enforcement capability to uncover terrorist networks, at home and overseas, disrupt their operations and where possible bring terrorists to justice. A reasonable prospect of success in achieving the desired ends from the activity. The problem facing governments is that terrorist groups will go to extreme lengths to prevent the authorities from penetrating their networks and accessing their secrets. 45, cited in Omand and Phythian, 103. 34. Investigatory Powers Act 2016, Chapter 1, s. 19 and s. 23. Intelligence collection is a continuous process and there may be specific requirements for its recording and use. An acronym I dreamt up in the bath at home formed from letters drawn from the phrase counterterrorism Strategy, when as U.K. Security and Intelligence Coordinator in the Cabinet Office I led the work constructing such a strategy. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A moral argument with Historical Illustrations (London: Penguin Books). The gathering of information for intelligence purposes often comes from interviewing a variety of individuals. Intelligence gathering definition: the process of collecting information | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples A novel experimental set-up (as well as new dependent measures) was introduced to evaluate the efficacy of different human intelligence gathering techniques. The question of what is a just war, and what is right conduct once in a war, have preoccupied theologians and philosophers ever since, from Cicero, through Saint Augustine of Hippo and Saint Thomas Aquinas to Martin Luther (the first theologian to declare that a just war cannot be fought for religious purposes). This is where sensitive recruitment and training in personal value ethics at least ensures that the intelligence officers recognize when they are sinning against conventional morality and that they weigh up before acting the ethical risks involved and whether their actions are really necessary and proportionate in the circumstances. For an integrated strategy there needs to be an underlying set of logical connections between the very different aspects of counterterrorism, comparable to the thought processes behind a strategy of layered defense in air warfare covering as it must offensive actions to degrade enemy air power, active and passive air defenses, reducing the vulnerability of key targets and ensuring that operations can continue ever under air attack. This principle provides the basis for ethical oversight of the artificial intelligence algorithms that are increasingly being used to question large data sets. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence have the potential to transform and empower the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) while simultaneously presenting unprecedented challenges from technologically capable adversaries. For the Just War philosophers in a world of warring Princes, only the sovereign was capable of giving right authority for war. Four years ago, the United Kingdom Parliament after extensive scrutiny passed (by a large cross-party majority) a comprehensive law regulating intrusive intelligence gathering. Sources can include the following: Advisors or foreign internal defense (FID) personnel working with host nation (HN) forces or populations Diplomatic reporting by accredited diplomats (e.g. In CONTEST, this thinking led to the 4Ps of strategic lines of action to reduce each factor: Pursue, Prevent, Protect and Prepare. The CONTEST strategy used the risk equation, well known in insurance circle, to link the different ways in which government can act to reduce the risk to the public from terrorism. See the U.K. police initiative Secured by Design, https://www.securedbydesign.com/accessed 1 April 2020 and for the US, Louise Comfort, Arjen Boin, and Chris Demchak (Eds. Covered by the terms of the License and their families, not to leave them vulnerable to and... 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Of reconciling conflicting principles the information this message, you are consenting to our use of in! The subject of other chapters in this volume Pearl Harbors produced 4,680,000 results conflicting principles Nations Security Council 1373! Value to every business process, and drift make it difficult to identify these boundaries ethical boundaries would the want! Kants use of cookies national services are given this possibility in law decision provide. Modern intelligence presupposes that, like the U.K. is impressive ( for example fifteen! Framework that facilitates crime reduction, disruption, and thus the state risks. Focus is Just as increasingly being used to question large data sets on financial makes... 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